Current estimates suggest that 70% of the world population will be urbanized by 2050. Many of these growing cities are in low- and middle-income countries, which, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), do not have broad access to safely managed sanitation services. The lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is linked...
Drinking water treatment and distribution systems are designed and operated to safeguard the hygienic quality and ensure the aesthetic quality of the water from source to tap. With this in mind, monitoring is a non-negotiable and legislated requirement worldwide. There is a recognized and accepted need to monitor, characterize and understand the general microbiological...
The ability of microorganisms to grow in cosmetic products is well known, water‐based product is an ideal matrix for microbial growth. The microbiological contamination can appear from raw materials, during production and filling, or from the environment when the product is being used. Presence of microorganisms in cosmetics may modify the natural skin flora...
Contamination of medicines with microbes like bacteria or fungi, the consequences can range from harmless to fatal. For non-sterile drugs taken orally, the effects may be less likely to be dire, as our gastrointestinal tracts provide a highly acidic, unhospitable environment that can kill most microorganisms. However, medications that are administered intravenously or in...
Being rich in proteins, lipids and sugars, milk is an example of optimum culture medium for various microorganisms. So that, milk is a readymade vehicle for the omnipresent microbes. Depending on that, incorrect processing or storage of dairy products can represent a transmission hazard for a large number of pathogens and can be responsible...
Microbial analysis of foods is an integrated part of management of microbial safety in the food chain. Both control authorities and individual food business operators use microbial analysis for the purpose of monitoring of the actual situation and trend analysis in order to detect emerging mrisks. Also for compliance testing to defined microbiological criteria...
The swine slaughtering process can lead to the contamination of the animal carcass by potentiallypathogenic bacteria. The main source of microbial contamination during the processing of animalin the slaughterhouse is the digestive tract and its contents. The hygienic conditions of the walls,floors and ceilings and the presence of hard-to-clean equipment can facilitate spreading of...
During mushroom growing, contamination by soil, irrigation water, manure or sewage sludge use and animals are possible, also all post-harvest mushroom handling stages, including the processes of washing and cutting, could cause hygienic defects. During minimally processing procedures, microbial growth is possible because mushroom slicing creates a large exposed surface area and the lack...
Fish diseases caused by parasites, bacteria or viruses can be spread from pond to pond or from farm to farm by the transfer of infected fish and by animals, people, equipment and water contaminated by contact with infected fish or fish pathogens. So, Salmonella sp. and E. coli contamination in fish and fishery products...
The combination of good hygiene, sanitation and disinfection, is highly efficient in removingdisease-causing agents from poultry/ animal production systems. While illness or individualdisease might not be a major cause for concern, the real issue where disease and bacteria areconcerned is the speed with which a single case of disease can rapidly spread throughout the...
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